ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer - a brief update.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Advancing immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge: key insights into efficacy, safety, and personalized strategies in advanced solid tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Intratumoral delivery of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors for recurrent/refractory solid tumors: a proof-of-concept treatment strategy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Molecular interplay of insulin resistance and cancer: advances in monoclonal antibody therapeutics.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Innovative immunotherapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer: challenges and opportunities.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: translational mechanisms, dynamic biomarkers, clinically actionable combination strategies, and comparative checkpoint biology.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Biological and Targeted Therapies in the Multidisciplinary Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Cancers · 2026Review
- Tumor Biomarkers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Etiology and Pathogenesis to Treatment Response-A Scoping Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial metabolism and PD-1 blockade: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Tumor Plasticity and Microenvironmental Crosstalk as Drivers of Metastasis and Therapy Resistance.MedComm · 2026Review
- PD-L1 and PD-L2 regulate in cell-autonomous and N-glycosylation-dependent manners the pro-tumorigenic characteristics and functions of human cancer-associated fibroblasts.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Review
- Translating a Preclinical Hydrogel Platform into a Human Therapeutic for Delivering Targeted Low-Dose Anti-CTLA-4.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (H-FABP) as a Candidate Adjunctive Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Cardiotoxicity: Linking Early Immune-Metabolic Myocardial Injury with Translational Cardio-Oncology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immune-Checkpoint-Inhibitor-Related Cardiovascular Toxicities in Cancer: A Mechanistic Review of Molecular Pathways with AI-Assisted Literature Clustering.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Decoding the Role of MDSCs in Bone Metastasis: Multicellular Interactions and Clinical Implications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chemoresistance in gynecologic cancers: mechanistic insights and emerging platforms to overcome drug failure.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Review
- TIGIT Blockade Potentiates the Anti-Leukemic Activity of Exercise-Mobilized Donor Lymphocytes and Expanded γδ T-Cells.Cancers · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Advances and Future Perspectives.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Dynamic changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets predict the efficacy and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic osteosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- TME remodeling and clinical challenges of immune checkpoint blockade in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer therapy, offering durable responses in multiple malignancies by targeting regulatory pathways such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). These pathways, which normally maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis, can be exploited by tumors to evade immune surveillance. Dual blockade using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 has shown synergistic effects, improving response rates, overall survival, and progression-free survival in several cancer types. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two such combinations: nivolumab plus ipilimumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab, based on demonstrated clinical benefit in melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, pleural mesothelioma, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, clinical benefit has not been consistent across all tumor types, with limited efficacy observed in cancers such as glioblastoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. Additionally, combination therapy is associated with a higher incidence of immune-related adverse events, affecting multiple organ systems and necessitating careful dosing strategies to balance efficacy and toxicity. This review summarizes the current landscape of FDA-approved PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 combinations, their therapeutic achievements, clinical limitations, and supports future research in combination immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.