Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41167508›Full record

Trial reportAmerican journal of preventive medicine2026

Water Promotion for Overweight Prevention in Schoolchildren: For Whom Does It Work Best? - Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Viviane Richard, Keejeong Ryu, Yadira Peralta, Andrea Pedroza-Tobias, Valeria Ordonez, Laura A Schmidt, Charles E McCulloch, Lorrene D Ritchie, Anisha I Patel

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in American journal of preventive medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Viviane RichardDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Keejeong RyuQuantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Yadira PeraltaQuantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Department of Applied Economics, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
Andrea Pedroza-TobiasDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Valeria OrdonezDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Laura A SchmidtPhilip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California.
Charles E McCullochDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California.
Lorrene D RitchieNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California.
Anisha I PatelDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Electronic address: anipatel@stanford.edu.

Funding

Mentoring in Translational Research to Prevent Disparities in Childhood Obesity and Cardiometabolic DiseaseK24HL169841 · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$123k
NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL169841NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL129288
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPromoting water consumption as an alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages helped to prevent overweight among students in a trial of the Water First intervention. This study investigated the heterogeneity of effects on weight and beverage consumption by child sociodemographic, family, and health-related characteristics.

methodsIn 2016-2019, elementary schools were randomized as controls or to receive the Water First intervention, combining environmental and educational approaches to promote water consumption. In this secondary analysis conducted in 2024, outcomes were BMI z-score and frequency of water and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption at the 15-month follow-up. The moderating effects of baseline, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, number of caregivers, home connectedness, and acculturation were examined with mixed-effect models by testing an interaction with intervention status.

resultsOverall, 1,250 4th-grade students were included. For each additional unit of baseline sugar-sweetened beverages consumption, the 15-month frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was 5% (proportional increase=0.95; 95% CI=0.91, 0.98) lower in the intervention than in the control group. The effect of Water First in increasing water consumption was estimated to be lower in students speaking English and Spanish at home (proportional increase=0.80; 95% CI=0.61, 1.04) than in those with a lower acculturation status, speaking only Spanish. There were no other important moderators.

conclusionsWater First had largely consistent effects across sociodemographic, family, and health-related characteristics. However, effects were more pronounced for students with higher baseline sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and lower acculturation. Water First is therefore a valuable program for promoting healthier beverage consumption and preventing overweight in children from diverse backgrounds.

Indexed as

DrinkingHealth PromotionOverweightPediatric ObesityBody Mass IndexChildFemaleHumansMaleSchoolsSugar-Sweetened Beverages

Identifiers

PMID41167508
PMCPMC13047962

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.