Expanding the Arsenal of Nanocarriers Against Parkinson Disease: Success so Far Roads Ahead.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive neurodegenerative condition involving the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein protein. Although standard pharmacotherapies such as levodopa provide symptomatic improvement, their effectiveness is usually compromised by issues with low bioavailability, short half-life, and limited penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotechnology provides a revolutionary answer by allowing more targeted drug delivery to the brain. A broad range of nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles have demonstrated excellent potential to enhance drug stability, target specificity, and BBB penetration. In addition, these nanocarriers can be used to deliver gene-based therapeutics and nutraceuticals in a targeted manner, potentially providing the ability to directly impact underlying pathological processes like oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. This review emphasizes the most recent developments in the use of nanotechnology for PD management, addressing the design, therapeutic significance, and translational problems of these systems. By increasing delivery accuracy and facilitating disease modification, nanocarrier-based systems have the potential to lead the way in more effective and tailored treatments for Parkinson's disease.