TDP-43 skein-like inclusions are formed by BAG3- and HSP70-guided co-aggregation with actin-binding proteins.

In multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 forms cytoplasmic aggregates of distinct morphologies, including skein-like, small rounded granular and large spherical inclusions. Here, whereas the N-terminal self-oligomerization domain regulates TDP-43 demixing into cytoplasmic droplets, inhibition of N-terminal self-oligomerization domain-mediated oligomerization is shown to promote the formation of skein-like inclusions. Utilizing proximity labelling-mass spectrometry, cellular stresses are shown to induce TDP-43 association with actin-binding proteins that include filamins and α-actinin. Small interfering RNA-mediated reduction of filamin in Drosophila ameliorates cell loss from cytoplasmic TDP-43, consistent with the filamin-TDP-43 interaction enhancing cytotoxicity. TDP-43's association with actin-binding proteins is mediated by BAG3, a HSP70 family nucleotide exchange factor that regulates the proteostasis of actin-binding proteins. BAG2, another HSP70 nucleotide exchange factor, facilitates the formation of small, rounded TDP-43 inclusions. We demonstrate that both TDP-43 self-oligomerization and its binding partners, including HSP70 and cochaperones BAG2 and BAG3, drive the formation of the different types of TDP-43 inclusion.