SynthesisTargeted oncology2025
The Efficacy and Safety of Beta-blockers and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Targeted oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The neural stem cell‑NSCLC axis: Molecular drivers, microenvironment crosstalk and emerging therapies (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Neuro-immune crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment: mechanisms and therapeutic implications for cancer immunotherapy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- β-Adrenergic receptors as immunomodulators in T cells: mechanisms of neuroimmune crosstalk and pathophysiological implications.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Immunological Drug-Drug Interactions in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Artificial Intelligence.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Obesity and Cancer: From Systemic Metabolic Reprogramming to Immunotherapy Paradox.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Bidirectional crosstalk between the nervous system and the tumour microenvironment: mechanisms, feedback loops and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Psychological distress as a putative host-state determinant of cancer immunotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now standard for various cancers, and preclinical studies suggest beta-blockers (BBs) may boost the efficacy of ICIs. However, prior clinical studies had small sample sizes, requiring large-scale validation.
objectiveWe aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining BBs with ICIs in patients with solid tumors through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsA systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase was conducted for studies on BBs plus ICIs for solid tumors up to July 2024. Outcomes of interest were overall survival, progression-free survival, and adverse events. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random-effects model meta-analysis, with heterogeneity assessed by I
resultsOverall, 12 clinical studies involving 4293 patients with solid tumors were included, with 1463 patients receiving both BBs and ICIs and 2830 patients receiving ICIs alone. The combination of BBs and ICIs was not associated with a longer overall survival (hazard ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 0.84-1.23; p = 0.87; I
conclusionsDespite positive preclinical findings, this meta-analysis showed that adding BBs to ICIs was not associated with longer survival. We await the results of ongoing prospective trials assessing this strategy. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42024574043.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.