Evidence mapPaperPMID 41178705Full record

Trial reportDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Importance of targeting post-prandial hyperglycaemia to achieve HbA1c goals in insulin glargine-treated subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes.

Wolfgang Landgraf, David R Owens, Brian M Frier, Geremia B Bolli

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Wolfgang LandgrafMedical Department, Diabetes Franchise General Medicines, Sanofi, Paris, France.ORCID 0000-0001-5321-7164
David R OwensDiabetes Research Group Cymru, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1002-1238
Brian M FrierThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9590-9473
Geremia B BolliDepartment of Medicine & Surgery, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-4966-4003

Funding

Sanofi
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo explore outcome parameters related to achieving HbA1c goal (<7.0%) in subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes (T2D), either on basal insulin (BI) glargine 300 U/mL or 100 U/mL or switched to these BIs (≥42 U/day) alone or with pre-prandial insulin. MATERIALS AND

methodsParticipants from three EDITION T2D trials (n = 2,435) were clustered into T2D subphenotypes, with ≥97% having either Severe Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (SIDD) (9%-22%), Mild Age-Related Diabetes (MARD) (8%-18%), or Mild Obesity Diabetes (MOD) (56%-78%) across trials. Subphenotypes were stratified by HbA1c goal achievement (HbA1c <7.0%/responders or ≥7.0%/non-responders), and efficacy and safety parameters were analysed both at baseline and after 26 weeks. Glargine groups were pooled.

resultsWith all basal insulin regimens, the responders were fewest in SIDD (19%-33%), followed by MOD (33%-56%) and MARD (42%-62%). Mean FPG at 26 weeks was slightly lower in responders (103-128 mg/dL; 5.8-7.1 mmol/L) compared to non-responders (124-143 mg/dL; 6.9-7.9 mmol/L) in each subphenotype, despite equivalent or higher mean glargine doses in non-responders. Self-monitored post-prandial glucose (PPG) was consistently above the recommended target of 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) in non-responders, even in those on intensified insulin treatment. Hypoglycaemia risk was similar or only slightly increased in responders compared to non-responders across subphenotypes.

conclusionsWith glargine-based regimens, strict control of PPG is necessary to attain HbA1c <7.0% across all T2D subphenotypes. Therefore, to achieve optimal treatment goals, especially in the SIDD subphenotype, appropriate dose adjustments of both basal and preprandial insulin are required.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycated HemoglobinHyperglycemiaHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin GlargineAdultAgedBlood GlucoseFemaleGlycemic ControlHumansMaleMiddle AgedPhenotypePostprandial PeriodTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin Glarginebasal insulindiabetes classificationpost‐prandial glucoserandomised clinical trialsubphenotypetype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41178705
PMCPMC12673423

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.