Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41180936›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of transgender health2025

The Cass Review: Cis-supremacy in the UK's approach to healthcare for trans children.

Cal Horton

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of transgender health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Locally relevant, ethically urgent: Defending SASOP's stance on transgender and non-binary youth.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Cass Review does not guide care for trans young people.The Medical journal of Australia · 2025
    Article
  11. Rebuttal to: 'Gender affirming healthcare' is not what the family physician needs to know.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2025
    Article
  12. Transphobia in the United Kingdom: a public health crisis.International journal for equity in health · 2025
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Implications of the Cass Review for health policy governing gender medicine for Australian minors.Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists · 2025
    Review
  15. Review
  16. Supporting and understanding non-binary & gender diverse youth: a physician's view.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024
    Article
  17. Child rights in trans healthcare - a call to action.International journal of transgender health · 2024
    Article
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Cal HortonCentre for Diversity, Research, Policy and Practice, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-4122

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Since 2016 trans people in the UK, and particularly trans children, have experienced a sustained and escalating campaign to roll back trans freedoms, rights and access to healthcare. A series of legislative, politicized and media-driven campaigns have resulted in the year-by-year worsening of access to affirmative healthcare for trans children in the UK. Aim: This study examines publications from the NHS-commissioned 'Cass Review' into children's gender services, seeking to better understand what is happening in trans children's healthcare in the UK. Methods: Inductive and deductive reflexive thematic analysis was applied to a collection of Cass Review publications related to trans children's healthcare published between January 2020 and May 2023. Results: Four concerns are presented and explored: (1) prejudice; (2) cisnormative bias; (3) pathologization; and (4) inconsistent standards of evidence. Each of these concerns impacts the Cass Review's approach to trans children's healthcare, with negative repercussions for trans children's healthcare rights and well-being. Discussion: The Cass Review itself can be understood as an example of cis-supremacy, within a cis-dominant healthcare system lacking accountability to trans communities. These findings draw attention to systemic barriers to effective healthcare policy, with relevance for trans healthcare across and beyond the UK.

Indexed as

Childrendiscriminationgender identityhealthcarepolicytransgenderyouth

Identifiers

PMID41180936
PMCPMC12573551

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.