ReviewCureus2025
Role of Homeobox (HOX) Genes in Adult Cardiovascular Disease: From Developmental Regulators to Therapeutic Targets.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Homeobox (HOX) genes, once primarily viewed as regulators of embryonic development, are now acknowledged as important factors in adult cardiovascular pathophysiology. This narrative review consolidates existing knowledge from developmental biology, molecular cardiology, and translational medicine to clarify the roles of HOX genes in cardiovascular disease, emphasizing molecular mechanisms and therapeutic ramifications. HOX genes operate as context-dependent molecular switches, exhibiting unique roles specific to various diseases. HOXA5 safeguards against atherosclerosis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), whereas HOXB9 exacerbates inflammation through bone morphogenetic protein 4-tumor necrosis factor (BMP4-TNF). HOXA4 demonstrates dual functionality, safeguarding against vascular remodeling while facilitating cardiac fibrosis. Functional specificity is attained via trimeric complexes comprising pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) and myeloid ecotropic viral integration site (MEIS) proteins, with epigenetic modifications facilitating dynamic regulation. Therapeutic strategies, such as HOX-PBX inhibition, epigenetic modulation, and gene therapy, exhibit encouraging preclinical outcomes. HOX genes serve as principal regulators of the cardiovascular system, and their dysfunction markedly influences disease development, thereby establishing HOX-targeted therapies as innovative precision medicine strategies necessitating expedited clinical translation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.