Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41183791›Full record

ArticleRenal failure2025

Kidney clearances of protein-bound uremic toxins predict outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study.

Danshu Xie, Mengdi Jiang, Jiaolun Li, Yingjie Chen, Feng Ding, Wenji Wang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Renal failure, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Danshu XieDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Mengdi JiangDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Jiaolun LiDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Yingjie ChenDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Feng DingDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Wenji WangDepartment of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This prospective cohort study investigated the kidney clearance of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs)-specifically, indole sulfate (IS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-across various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages and their associations with adverse clinical outcomes. From July 2018 to December 2020, 186 non-dialysis CKD patients were enrolled and followed until June 2025. Serum and 24-hour (24 h) urine PBUT levels were measured, and kidney clearances were analyzed. The findings indicated a decrease in the 24 h kidney clearances of IS (Cis), pCS (Cpcs), and IAA (Ciaa) corresponding with a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) across the CKD stages. For instance, the clearance of indoxyl sulfate was observed to decline from 26.7 mL/min in stage 1 to 2.2 mL/min in stage 5. PBUT clearances and fractional clearances were generally unaffected by 24 h urinary protein levels, with the exception of fractional clearance of IAA. Elevated levels of Cis and Ciaa were independently correlated with decreased risks of renal outcomes (IS: HR 0.964; IAA: HR 0.941) and hospitalization (IS: HR 0.984; IAA: HR 0.961). The study concluded that the 24 h kidney clearances of IS and IAA are independently associated with renal adverse outcomes and hospitalization, with minimal influence from urinary protein excretion.

Indexed as

CresolsIndoleacetic AcidsRenal Insufficiency, ChronicSulfuric Acid EstersUremic ToxinsAgedFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHospitalizationHumansKidneyMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisProspective Studies4-cresol sulfateCresolsindoleacetic acidIndoleacetic AcidsSulfuric Acid EstersUremic Toxinschronic kidney diseasekidney clearanceoutcomesProtein-bound uremic toxins

Identifiers

PMID41183791
PMCPMC12584829

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.