SynthesisBMJ sexual & reproductive health2025
Progestogen-only contraception use during breastfeeding: an updated systematic review.
Synthesis in BMJ sexual & reproductive health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The safety of intrauterine devices during breastfeeding: an updated systematic review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- The WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 6th edition and the WHO Selected Practice Recommendations 4th edition: update and future direction.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis systematic review aimed to update a 2016 review and answer two questions: (1) Among breastfeeding women, does the use of progestogen-only contraception (POC) (ie, pills, injectables, implants, hormonal intrauterine devices) increase the risk of poor breastfeeding or infant outcomes compared with those not using POC? (2) Among breastfeeding women, does the initiation of POC before 6 weeks postpartum increase the risk of poor breastfeeding or infant outcomes compared with the initiation of POC at 6 weeks or later?
methodsWe searched multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov and CINAHL) from inception to 6 September 2023. We extracted data and assessed risk of bias (RoB) for each study and certainty of evidence for each outcome.
resultsSixty-one articles met the inclusion criteria; 11 were newly identified since the previous review, most with high RoB. Nine new randomised and non-randomised studies assessing breastfeeding and/or infant outcomes met the inclusion criteria for Question 1. Two new randomised studies assessing breastfeeding and/or infant outcomes met the inclusion criteria for Question 2, examining early versus late initiation of the implant. One new article for each objective included preterm infants. For both questions, studies continue to find no significant adverse effects on breastfeeding (eg, continuation, supplementation, duration) or infant (eg, growth, illness) outcomes. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate across outcomes.
conclusionsThis updated systematic review provides additional evidence for the safety of POC use during breastfeeding. Newly identified studies are consistent with the prior review in suggesting no consistent findings of adverse effects, while adding evidence for preterm infants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.