Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41184420›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

IGF-1 regulates cancer cell immune evasion in prostate cancer.

Ashwin M Nandakumar, Alessandro Barberis, Jinseon Kim, Cameron R Lang, Jack V Mills, Guillaume Rieunier, Dimitrios Doultsinos, Avigail Taylor, Ashwin Jainarayanan, Su M Phyu and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Ashwin M NandakumarNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. ashwin.nandakumar@nds.ox.ac.uk.
Alessandro Barberis *Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jinseon Kim *Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Cameron R LangDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jack V MillsNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Guillaume RieunierDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Dimitrios DoultsinosNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Avigail TaylorNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ashwin JainarayananNuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Su M PhyuDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Leticia CampoDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Alistair EastonDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Eileen E ParkesDepartment of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Timothy JamesDepartment of Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
Freddie C HamdyNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Clare VerrillNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ian G MillsNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Valentine M MacaulayNuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) development and lethality and exhibits immunosuppressive properties in other models. We investigated IGF-1's tumor-intrinsic immune effects in PCa to understand mechanisms underlying its poor immunotherapy response. Transcriptional profiling of human (DU145, 22Rv1) and murine (Myc-CaP) PCa cells revealed that IGF-1 suppresses cytokine signalling, antigen processing and presentation, and additional immune regulatory pathways. We further examined the expression of components involved in cancer cell recognition and immune evasion: the antigen processing machinery and PD-L1 checkpoint. IGF-1 downregulated key elements such as transporters associated with antigen processing (TAPs), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP-1), and Class I β2-microglobulin, without significantly altering Class I allele expression. These changes were associated with reduced surface presentation of Class I complexes on Myc-CaP cells, suggesting disrupted peptide transport, processing, and/or presentation. In contrast, IGF-1 upregulated the immune checkpoint CD274 (PD-L1) via IGF receptor/AKT/ERK-dependent signalling. Analysis of TCGA Firehose Legacy PCa data showed higher CD274 expression in tumors with elevated IGF1 and IGFBP5. Multiplex immunofluorescence in primary PCa confirmed increased PD-L1 in patients with high serum IGF-1, supporting its role in immune evasion. Overall, these findings reveal a novel IGF-1-driven immunosuppressive mechanism that may underlie PCa's resistance to immunotherapy.

Indexed as

Immune EvasionInsulin-Like Growth Factor IProstatic NeoplasmsTumor EscapeAnimalsAntigen PresentationB7-H1 AntigenCell Line, TumorGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHumansMaleMiceSignal TransductionB7-H1 AntigenCD274 protein, humanIGF1 protein, humanInsulin-Like Growth Factor I

Identifiers

PMID41184420
PMCPMC12583730

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.