ArticleMedComm2025
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as a Target of the COVID-19 Vaccine Disrupts Insulin Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in MedComm, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The mechanisms underlying COVID-19 induced insulin resistance: a narrative review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as a Target of the COVID-19 Vaccine Disrupts Insulin Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes.MedComm · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 vaccines substantially reduce the risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes, making them important for individuals with diabetes. However, the effects of the COVID-19 vaccines on glucose control in patients with diabetes remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine boosters impair insulin sensitivity in both mice and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In mice, the administration of four vaccine doses elevated the levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, we showed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, guided by the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, interferes with insulin signaling by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, TLR4, and ER. We found that 66% of T2D patients exhibited aggravated insulin resistance to booster shots of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore, treatment with metformin improved insulin signaling variations induced by COVID-19 vaccine boosters in mice. These findings indicate that COVID-19 vaccine boosters impair insulin sensitivity in T2D and that metformin may mitigate these effects. These results maintain the risk-benefit ratio in favor of COVID-19 vaccination for the prevention of severe clinical outcomes, yet highlight the need for close glycemic monitoring of patients with diabetes after receiving mRNA COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.