Evidence mapPaperPMID 41190372Full record

ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Associations between gestational diabetes and cardiovascular disease largely operate independently of postpartum causal pathways: A population-based cohort study in England.

Nerys M Astbury, Katherine Ripullone, Rema Ramakrishnan, Mark Woodwood, Jane E Hirst

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nerys M AstburyNuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9301-7458
Katherine RipulloneNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Rema RamakrishnanNational Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Mark WoodwoodThe George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9800-5296
Jane E HirstThe George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Funding

Australian Government National Health and Medical Research CouncilDiabetes Research and Wellness FoundationDiabetes UKNational Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames ValleyNIHR School for Primary Care ResearchUK Research and Innovation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here we explore whether the associations are mediated by development of type 2 diabetes and other CVD risk factors.

methodsThe Exploring Long-term Outcomes following PrEgnancy affected by GDM (ELOPE-GDM) study is a population-based matched cohort study, containing 43 572 records of women diagnosed with GDM matched with 174 288 records of non-GDM women. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the risk of GDM on CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke/TIA and quantified the proportions of these effects mediated by the progression to type 2 diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidaemia using causal mediation analysis.

resultsThere were significant associations between GDM and CVD; (adjusted HR 1.58 (95% CI 1.27-1.97)), IHD (1.83 (1.35-2.49)) and stroke/TIA (1.43 (1.06-1.95)). There were strong associations between GDM and developing type 2 diabetes (OR 13.90 (95% CI 13.19-14.51)), hypertension (1.87 (1.781-1.92)), dyslipidaemia (1.80 (1.76-1.84)) or any of these postpartum mediators (1.67 (1.63-1.71)). However, most of the effect of GDM on CVD was not attributed to the overall mediating effects of type 2 diabetes (36% (95% CI 8%-64%)), hypertension (15% (5%-24%)), dyslipidaemia (37% (18%-55%)) or a combination of these conditions (32% (11%-53%)) which developed after pregnancy.

conclusionThese findings emphasise the need for comprehensive cardio metabolic screening following a pregnancy affected by GDM.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes, GestationalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdultCohort StudiesEnglandFemaleHumansHypertensionMiddle AgedPostpartum PeriodPregnancyProportional Hazards ModelsRisk Factorscardiovascular diseasegestational diabetespopulation‐based studiesrisk factorsrisk management

Identifiers

PMID41190372
PMCPMC12673467

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.