ArticleMalaria journal2025
Integrating mobility, travel survey, and malaria case data to understand drivers of malaria importation to Zanzibar, 2022-2023.
Article in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mobility and malaria incidence in Indonesia's low-endemic areas during the COVID-19 period.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Understanding the Epidemiology of Malaria in Zanzibar Through Molecular and Serological Analysis of Samples Collected During Reactive Case Detection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Serological evidence of continued exposure toFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundZanzibar has achieved historic reductions in malaria incidence, but high connectivity to mainland Tanzania and imported cases remain a challenge to "last mile" malaria elimination.
methodsTo understand factors driving malaria importation, prospective surveys were administered to patients at 94 health facilities across Zanzibar's main island, Unguja, from May 2022 to December 2023, and to travellers at the Zanzibar-bound ferry terminal in Dar es Salaam from August to December 2024. In addition, digital mobility data-Meta colocation and movement distribution-were analysed to examine movement patterns between Unguja and mainland Tanzania. These data were integrated with rainfall data to explore the seasonality of human movement and travel-associated malaria risk.
resultsOf 3,875 total malaria cases presenting to health facilities in Unguja, 1,172 reported travel to mainland Tanzania within the past 30 days (283/511 (55%) in 2022, 889/3,348 (27%) in 2023). Among these, travel to Tanga (20%), Dar es Salaam (20%), and Morogoro (15%) were most common. Children and females had higher odds of having malaria associated with travel to the mainland (aOR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.2-4.8 and aOR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3-1.8, respectively, compared to those without mainland travel), while nightwatchmen and students with malaria were more likely to report travel within Zanzibar. Twenty-eight percent of travel-associated malaria cases reported primary residence on the mainland. However, Zanzibari residents who reported travel to mainland regions with high or moderate malaria risk during the dry season made up the highest proportion of travel-related malaria cases (n = 309, 32%). Meta movement distribution data shows that long-distance travel off Unguja decreases during the rainy seasons. In addition, imported cases correlated with rainfall at their mainland destination, rather than rainfall in Zanzibar. With different biases, data from both Meta colocation and ferry surveys approximated the proportional makeup of at-risk travel from different geographies relatively well. In particular, Meta colocation data highlighted travel between Tanga and Unguja, likely via private boats, not captured in the ferry data.
conclusionsMovement flows and seasonal rainfall patterns drive imported malaria in predictable ways that can be harnessed to target high-risk travellers for intervention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.