ReviewFrontiers in aging neuroscience2025
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: an updated review of pharmacological treatments.
Review in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Aerobic Exercise Improves Motor Performance by Reducing Total ERK Expression and Hyperexcitability of Striatal D2-MSNs in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Non-motor fluctuation patterns in dyskinetic patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Potential glutamatergic and GABAergic false neurotransmitters in models of excitation-inhibition imbalance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A dual timeline of safinamide effects in Parkinson's disease: mechanistic rationale and clinical implications.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) remains one of the most disabling complications of long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease. Despite decades of investigation, only amantadine has been established as the standard FDA-approved treatment, while istradefylline provides a complementary non-dopaminergic option. Most other candidate agents-including memantine, clozapine, and serotonergic or noradrenergic modulators-have shown inconsistent efficacy or safety limitations, underscoring persistent translational challenges between preclinical promise and clinical outcomes. In addition to pharmacological therapies, deep brain stimulation (DBS) serves as an established non-pharmacological intervention for advanced cases. This review systematically synthesizes current pharmacological strategies, consolidating evidence on mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and regulatory status. We further highlight failed or inconclusive trials, emphasize gaps in trial design and patient heterogeneity, and discuss emerging approaches such as individualized therapeutic frameworks, novel drug delivery systems, and AI-assisted drug discovery. Potential complementary pathways, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), are also briefly noted as alternative directions. By linking mechanistic insights with therapeutic evidence, this review provides an updated framework for optimizing LID management and guiding future research directions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.