ArticleCancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)2025
Effect of the Combination of Concomitant Drugs on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
Article in Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) on the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Metastatic NSCLC.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- The impact of obesity-related systemic inflammation on the efficacy, toxicity, and biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer: from mechanisms to clinical management.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effect of the Combination of Concomitant Drugs on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmerging evidence indicates that baseline use of certain concomitant drugs may affect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, in patients with cancer. However, most previous studies have evaluated individual drug classes in isolation, without considering potential interactions among multiple drugs.
aimsThis study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of commonly prescribed concomitant drugs on the efficacy and safety of ICI-based therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 124 patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC who received first-line ICI-based treatments at a single institution. Drug exposure at treatment initiation was assessed for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), low-dose aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, biguanides, antibiotics, and probiotics. Associations with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression models.
resultsPPI use was independently associated with shorter PFS (HR: 2.44, p < 0.001) and OS (HR: 2.04, p = 0.01). In contrast, low-dose aspirin use was independently associated with longer PFS (HR: 0.31, p = 0.01). Patients receiving both PPIs and aspirin had longer PFS and OS compared to those receiving PPIs alone, although the differences were not statistically significant. No consistent associations were observed for other drugs. The incidence of irAEs was not significantly affected by concomitant drug use.
conclusionPPI use at baseline may be associated with reduced efficacy of ICI therapy in NSCLC patients. In contrast, low-dose aspirin use was independently associated with improved PFS, and may potentially mitigate the negative effects of PPIs. These findings underscore the importance of considering concomitant drug use when initiating ICI treatment. Prospective studies are needed to validate these observations and clarify underlying mechanisms.
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