ArticleEpidemiology and health2025
Age-period-cohort analysis of dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio in Korea.
Article in Epidemiology and health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lower Health Literacy Is Associated with Poorer Diet Quality in Korean Adults: An Association Masked by Age.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Dietary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Among Chinese Adults - China, 1991-2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesExcessive sodium and insufficient potassium consumption are major dietary contributors to hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular diseases. The sodium-to-potassium ratio is a known predictor of blood pressure (BP) and HTN. This study evaluated 16-year-trends in dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and their associations with BP and HTN in Korea.
methodsData from 76,484 participants aged 19-79 years were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2007-2022. Sodium and potassium intake were assessed using 24-hour recalls, and the sodium- to-potassium ratio was calculated. All values were energy-adjusted using the residual method. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to analyze temporal trends. Associations with BP and HTN were examined using multivariate linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for confounders.
resultsEnergy-adjusted sodium intake decreased across all age groups, and potassium slightly increased in the recent 5 years, though both remained suboptimal relative to recommendations. APC analyses showed increasing potassium intake with age and a reversed U-shape cohort pattern. The sodium-to-potassium ratio decreased with age and calendar year but increased in recent cohorts. A higher sodium-to-potassium ratio was strongly associated with elevated systolic (β=0.028, p<0.001) and diastolic BP (β=0.036, p<0.001), and increased odds of HTN (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.33). A linear association appeared when the sodium-to-potassium ratio exceeded 1.00 in the spline model.
conclusionsDespite improvements, sodium intake remains excessive, and potassium insufficient, particularly in younger adults and recent cohorts. Public health interventions should prioritize reducing sodium and promoting potassium-rich foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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