ArticleAllergy2026
Decarbonising Respiratory Care: The Impact of a Low-Carbon Salbutamol Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhalers.
Article in Allergy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Developing low-carbon salbutamol MDI: assessment of relative bioavailability and pharmacodynamic relative potency of salbutamol MDI with propellant HFA-152a.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Trial
- Decarbonising Respiratory Care: The Impact of a Low-Carbon Salbutamol Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhalers.Allergy · 2026Article
- Prescribing trends and environmental impact of prescribed inhaled medicines in Australia.Chronic respiratory diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are vital to combat climate change. Healthcare systems contribute ~5% of global GHG emissions, with pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) a significant contributor owing to their hydrofluorocarbon propellants. This study compared GHG emissions of a salbutamol pMDI using a low-carbon propellant in clinical development, hydrofluoroalkane (HFA)-152a, against current salbutamol inhalers.
methodsThree 'cradle-to-grave' lifecycle analyses compared GHG emissions of salbutamol pMDIs with HFA-152a and HFA-134a, and salbutamol dry-powder inhaler (DPI). Over 600 individual emission factors were calculated from > 2000 data points, and categorised into Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Manufacture, Micronisation, Device, Formulation/Packaging, Use, Distribution and End-of-Life stages. 2023 manufacturing and supply data were collected from Algeria, Australia, Canada, France, Poland, Romania and Saudi Arabia. Carbon footprints were independently verified by the Carbon Trust.
resultsMean total carbon footprint per salbutamol inhaler (based on 100-year global warming potential [GWP100]) was 26.91, 2.06 and 0.69 kgCO
conclusionsThe low-GWP propellant, HFA-152a is expected to achieve > 90% reduction in the carbon footprint of salbutamol pMDI versus the currently used HFA-134a. The development of salbutamol pMDI with HFA-152a is a crucial step towards ensuring future patient access to salbutamol in a pMDI.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.