ReviewClinical endocrinology2026
Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Spectrum, Diagnostic Strategies, and Management Approaches.
Review in Clinical endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Catamenial Hematuria in Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis (45,X/46,XY): A Case Report of a Rare Presentation.Cureus · 2026Article
- Embryonic origin of XX/XY chimerism in an in vitro fertilization-conceived individual.F&S reports · 2026Article
- Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Spectrum, Diagnostic Strategies, and Management Approaches.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is a rare form of differences in sex development (DSD) typically associated with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. The phenotypic presentation of MGD varies from atypical genitalia to typical male or female appearances often associated with Turner stigmata. Some of the challenges in the clinical management of patients with MGD include gonadal malignancy risk, decisions on gonadectomy, fertility and sex of rearing. The management is predominantly multidisciplinary with a focus on patient and family centred care.
methodsThis article was prepared as a narrative review based on a comprehensive search of the literature. A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was performed using the key terms "mixed gonadal dysgenesis," "45,X/46,XY mosaicism," "differences in sex development," and "gonadal tumour risk" to identify relevant articles published between 2000 and 2024. References from the identified papers were further screened to capture additional relevant literature. We gathered the findings to provide an updated overview of MGD, focusing on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, malignancy risk, approaches to management, psychosocial considerations, and evolving strategies in the long-term care of patients with MGD.
resultsMGD accounts for 5%-15% of cases of atypical genitalia and carries a 15%-25% risk of gonadal tumour, with the highest malignancy rates in intra-abdominal gonads. Approximately 12%-15% of patients with MGD may experience gender incongruence later in life. Management has shifted from early surgical intervention to a multidisciplinary, patient-centred, and shared decision making approach.
conclusionsThe future care of patients with MGD is likely to include biomarker-driven surveillance, along with advanced fertility preservation techniques. Long-term outcome data for patients with MGD along with patient-reported outcomes, are limited in the literature, underscoring the need for further research.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.