ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Sex differences in the combined effect of diabetes and frailty on all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older adults.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes and frailty are common in older adults and independently associated with all-cause mortality. Sex-stratified analyses indicate that the mortality risk associated with frailty is higher in men, whereas that associated with diabetes is higher in women. This study investigates sex differences in the combined effect of diabetes and frailty on mortality. Methods: The Berlin Initiative (cohort) study assessed frailty and diabetes at the third follow-up visit. Participants (women and men ≥75 years) were categorized by frailty and diabetes status and followed-up until death or dataset closure (March 2023; median follow-up 6.0 years). Sex-stratified Cox regressions estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality. Interaction between frailty and diabetes on mortality was analysed. Results: Of 1143 participants (mean age 84 years; 55% women), baseline characteristics were similar between sexes, with fewer women having a partner (33% vs. 70%) or cardiovascular disease (67% vs. 77%). Mortality risk increased from non-frail individuals with diabetes (HR, 95% CI: women 1.25, 0.76-2.06 vs. men 1.56, 1.08-2.24) to those with frailty alone (HR 95% CI: women 1.81, 1.26- 2.59 vs. men 2.52, 1.78-3.57) and was highest among those with both conditions (HR 95% CI: women 3.39, 2.19-5.24; men 3.42, 2.28-5.14). An indication of additive interaction between frailty and diabetes on mortality was only found in women (RERI 1.32, 95% CI 0-2.65). Conclusions: Diabetes and frailty increase mortality risk in both older women and men, with an additive interaction in women. These findings support sex-specific risk stratification and emphasize the need for mechanistic research to inform targeted interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.