SynthesisThe European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care2026
Economic burden and cost drivers of interstitial lung disease: a systematic review.
Synthesis in The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanobiological feedback loops and quantitative decision thresholds in organ fibrosis: Translational principles for antifibrotic therapy.Journal of cell communication and signaling · 2026Review
- Admission-Based Machine-Learning Models for Predicting Mechanical Ventilation and Mortality in Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease: A Multicenter Cohort Study with External Validation.Balkan medical journal · 2026Article
- Visibility of breathlessness in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: perceptions of international healthcare professionals.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Holistic Management of Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInterstitial lung disease (ILD) consists of many subtypes, with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and subtypes that manifest as progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) exhibit faster progression and poorer prognosis. Recent updates in the definition of PPF and expanded approval of antifibrotic treatments warrant a comprehensive review to understand the economic impact and key cost drivers.
objectiveThis systematic review aims to summarize published studies on the economic burden of ILD on patients, the healthcare system, and society, and to identify the prevailing cost drivers.
methodA literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to identify full-length publications in English on the ILD economic burden, cost of illness, or cost-effectiveness studies, from inception until January 2024. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024504116) and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. This review compares the direct, indirect, and overall costs across ILD subtypes and countries.
resultsForty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Annual direct costs of ILD ranged from $1,593 (South Korea) to $177,526 (United States) per patient, while indirect costs ranged from $45 to $19,507. Hospitalisation costs ranged from $1,500 to $18,792 per admission, and end-of-life care costs were $52,614 annually per patient. Inpatient (40%-89%) and medication costs (36%-82%) were identified as the major cost drivers. The predictors of increasing costs include disease severity, presence of comorbidities, and antifibrotic use. Additionally, regional disparities and healthcare system differences influenced the economic burden.
conclusionInterstitial lung disease imposes a substantial economic impact. Early diagnosis, effective treatments targeting ILD and comorbidities, appropriate social support, and an optimized health delivery system may reduce the overall cost and improve health outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.