Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41214288›Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2026

IL-1 family of cytokines in gastrointestinal and liver disorders.

Julian Schwärzler, Paola Menghini, Charles Dinarello, Fabio Cominelli, Herbert Tilg

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Frontiers in immunology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Julian Schwärzler *Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-7324
Paola Menghini *Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Charles DinarelloDepartment of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-8316
Fabio CominelliDepartment of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. fabio.cominelli@uhhospitals.org.
Herbert TilgDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. herbert.tilg@i-med.ac.at.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-2579

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Inflammation has a fundamental role in many disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Why these organs are particularly prone to acute, but especially chronic, immune-mediated disorders remains unclear; however, the complex exposure to environmental triggers, including the gut microbiota, might be particularly relevant. Cytokines are considered key regulators of inflammatory processes, with IL-1β being one of the first cytokines discovered, more than four decades ago. A whole family of IL-1-related cytokines has been discovered, and their crucial role in many gastrointestinal and liver diseases has been studied in detail. Today, the IL-1 family comprises 22 members, including 11 cytokines and 11 receptors. IL-1 signalling cascades share similarities with Toll-like receptors, initiating acute-phase reactions to environmental and endogenous threats, and are particularly involved in orchestrating innate immune responses, which are the basis of many gastrointestinal and liver disorders. In this article, we discuss the role of the main IL-1 family members in gastrointestinal and liver diseases, focusing on preclinical and clinical research, and we contemplate opportunities for clinical applications.

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal DiseasesInterleukin-1Liver DiseasesAnimalsHumansImmunity, InnateSignal TransductionInterleukin-1

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.