Evidence mapPaperPMID 41219783Full record

ReviewJournal of health, population, and nutrition2025

A comprehensive narrative review on precision medicine approach to hypertension: exploring the role of genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, and artificial intelligence.

Abdul Sami, Rizwan Ashraf, Shazia Nisar, Zille Huma Mustehsan, Muhammad Ahsan Javed, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin, Yasir Waheed

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Abdul SamiNUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Rizwan AshrafNUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Shazia NisarNUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Zille Huma MustehsanNUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Muhammad Ahsan JavedCMH Institute of Medical Science (CIMS), Multan, Pakistan.
Dilber Uzun OzsahinMedical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
Yasir WaheedNUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan. Yasir.waheed@nshs.nust.edu.pk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHypertension (HTN) impacts approximately 1.28 billion individuals globally and poses a great burden of disease. The objectives of this study are to explore the role of genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, and artificial intelligence (AI) in the management of HTN. A thorough literature search was conducted across various databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS), and Medline to retrieve articles related to the role of genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, and AI in the precision medicine of HTN. Genes-including ACE, NOS3, ADD1, CYP11B2, NPPA, and NPPB-have a profound impact on blood pressure (BP) regulation in our body and polymorphism in these key genes can lead to HTN. Up or down-regulation of genes by epigenetic factors such as miRNA-155, miRNA-210, and miRNA-122 can significantly contribute to the development of HTN. These genetic and epigenetic factors can also be used as specific targets for gene editing and gene therapy for long-term management of HTN. However, the implementation of these techniques has not been possible in clinical settings due to lack of human studies and safety concerns related to unpredictable DNA alterations, nucleotide deletions, and loss of allele-specific chromosomes. Modulation of gut microbiome through oral supplements, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), and dietary interventions has emerged as one the most effective and safe techniques for managing HTN in human models. AI-based cutting-edge models have helped curate personalized diet plans based on an individual's unique microbiome, genomic information, and physiological conditions leading to a reduction in BMI, fat, BP, and heart rate while improving overall cardiac health and gut microbial diversity. Despite the significant advantages offered by AI-based medicine, ethical concerns-related to data privacy, bias, and discrimination-and ineffective models have led to limited integration of AI in precision medicine of HTN. The integration of genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, and AI-based models can play a key role in improving the current landscape of precision medicine of HTN. These cutting-edge techniques can lead to a shift from the current one-size-fits all approach to more personalized treatment plan however further research in human models is needed to determine the safety and true efficacy of these techniques. Additionally, new AI-models need to be developed that address ethical concerns and are effective in real-world clinical settings.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceEpigenesis, GeneticHypertensionPrecision MedicineEpigenomicsGastrointestinal MicrobiomeHumansMicrobiotaArtificial intelligenceEpigeneticsGeneticsGut microbiomeHypertensionPrecision medicine

Identifiers

PMID41219783
PMCPMC12604297

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.