ArticlePsychological medicine2025
Heterogeneity of brain functional connectivity, transcriptome, and neurotransmitter profiles in major depressive disorder.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between immuno-metabolic markers, working memory, and functional brain activation in depressive and anxiety disorders.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neurochemically informed network control theory reveals energetic dysregulation of altered brain state dynamics in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Cortical morphometric inverse divergence in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder correlates with cell-type-specific, laminar-specific and developmental transcriptomic signatures.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Recent developments in imaging transcriptomics for psychiatric disorders.Psychoradiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous with underlying mechanisms that are insufficiently studied. We aimed to identify functional connectivity (FC)-based subtypes of MDD and investigate their biological mechanisms.
methodsConsensus clustering of FC patterns was applied to a population of 829 MDD patients from the REST-Meta-MDD database, with validity assessed across multiple dimensions, including atlas replication, cross-validated classification, and drug-naïve subgroup analysis. Regression models were used to quantify FC alterations in each MDD subgroup compared with 770 healthy controls, and to analyze spatial associations between FC alterations and publicly available gene transcriptomic and neurotransmitter receptor/transporter density databases.
resultsTwo stable MDD subtypes emerged: hypoconnectivity (
conclusionsOur findings suggested the presence of two neuroimaging subtypes of MDD characterized by hypoconnectivity or hyperconnectivity, demonstrating robust reproducibility. The two subtypes had both shared and distinct genetic mechanisms and neurotransmitter receptor/transporter profiles, suggesting potential clinical implications for this heterogeneous disorder.
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