SynthesisPharmacoEconomics - open2026
Cost of Chronic Heart Failure Among Adult Europeans-A Systematic Literature Review.
Synthesis in PharmacoEconomics - open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Iron Deficiency in Vietnamese Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of combined veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and Impella support (ECPELLA) in infarct-related cardiogenic shock.European heart journal open · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic heart failure (CHF) imposes a substantial and growing burden on healthcare systems. While individual studies have evaluated the cost of CHF, variability in reporting standards and regional data gaps limit the comparability of findings.
objectiveThis systematic literature review and exploratory meta-analysis aimed to synthesize current evidence on the total annual per-patient cost of CHF in Europe.
methodsEligibility Criteria. The review included original studies, published in English, on human adult patients with a diagnosis of CHF from Europe, evaluating its economic burden. Studies were excluded if costs were not expressed in monetary currency, if costs represented fractions of the total cost, or if cost analysis focused either on a specific element of CHF management or intervention or patient subgroup. INFORMATION SOURCES: The review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 2008 to March 2025. Risk of Bias. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) grading was used to assess risk of bias. SYNTHESIS OF
resultsCosts were adjusted to 2024 euro (€) values using the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices. An exploratory random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool mean annual costs, and risk of bias was assessed using validated tools.
resultsIncluded Studies. In total, 19 studies met inclusion criteria. SYNTHESIS OF
resultsAcross the included studies, the adjusted mean annual total cost of CHF per patient ranged from 3452 € to 23,335 €, reflecting considerable variation in cost estimates across different healthcare systems and study designs. Most studies reported hospitalization as the main cost driver, typically accounting for over half of total direct medical expenditures; 13 studies reported the proportion of total annual cost explained by CHF hospitalization, with a mean of 64.9% ± 18.3%. NOS grading did not exclude any study on the basis of risk of bias alone; from the 19 included studies, only 1 was rated as low risk of bias (NOS = 8), while the majority (16 studies) were evaluated to have moderate risk of bias. DISCUSSION: Limitations of Evidence. Substantial heterogeneity (I REGISTRATION: The SLR protocol was registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD420251040430).
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.