Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41226617›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025

The Immunobiology of Dry Eye Disease: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Regulation and Therapeutic Implications.

Sarah Jacqueline Saram, Maya Natasha Thomas, Leo Feinberg, Harry W Roberts, Conor M Ramsden, Małgorzata Woronkowicz, Piotr Skopiński

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
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  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Exosomes in ocular graft-versus-host disease: an overview.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026
    Review
  11. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sarah Jacqueline SaramMinistry of Health, 16 College Road College of Medicine Building and Singapore, Singapore 169854, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-0195-3255
Maya Natasha ThomasNorth Devon District Hospital, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK.
Leo FeinbergWest of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
Harry W RobertsWest of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
Conor M RamsdenWest of England Eye Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-4320-2994
Małgorzata WoronkowiczNorth Devon District Hospital, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0545-9764
Piotr SkopińskiDepartment of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is increasingly recognized as a condition driven by immune dysregulation at the ocular surface (OS). Chronic inflammation, mediated by aberrant activation of both innate and adaptive immune pathways, underlies disease progression and symptom persistence. Neuroimmune interactions further amplify OS inflammation, contributing to epithelial damage and impaired homeostatic regulation. This review summarizes current literature on the immunopathogenesis of DED, highlighting the complex interplay of molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune activation, neuroimmune-mediated inflammation, and emerging molecular and cellular biomarkers. In addition, we examine existing and emerging therapeutic strategies that target these immune-molecular pathways, including precision immunomodulatory approaches, to inform future management of DED. By integrating mechanistic insights with clinical findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the dysregulated immune response associated with DED.

Indexed as

Dry Eye SyndromesAdaptive ImmunityAnimalsBiomarkersHumansImmunity, InnateInflammationBiomarkersadaptive immunitydry eye diseaseimmunopathogenesisinnate immunityocular surfaceT cellstear biomarkers

Identifiers

PMID41226617
PMCPMC12609345

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.