Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41228423›Full record

ArticleNutrients2025

Dietary Interventions for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes, Guideline Alignment, and Research Gaps-A Scoping Review.

Beata Małgorzata Sperkowska, Agnieszka Chrustek, Anna Gryn-Rynko, Anna Proszowska

Abstract readScoping Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Beata Małgorzata SperkowskaDepartment of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, A. Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-8956-6120
Agnieszka ChrustekDepartment of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2921-8399
Anna Gryn-RynkoDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-8766-4579
Anna ProszowskaDepartment of Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, A. Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4543-1069

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesMedical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a crucial component of type 1 diabetes (T1D) management; however, the effectiveness of specific dietary approaches in adults remains unclear due to variations in study design, terminology, and reported outcomes. This scoping review summarizes evidence published between 2015 and 2025 on dietary interventions in adults with T1D, focusing on metabolic and psychosocial outcomes and adherence to international nutritional guidelines.

methodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, following the PRISMA-ScR recommendations, to identify observational studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and guidelines involving adults (≥18 years) with T1D. Extracted data included metabolic outcomes (glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycemic variability (GV), insulin dose (ID), lipids, blood pressure, body weight, and others), as well as psychosocial indicators (i.e., quality of life, diabetes-related stress, and fear of hypoglycemia).

resultsIn total, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 18 observational, 14 randomized, and 9 studies that evaluated psychosocial aspects. A low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) reduced HbA1c by 0.3-0.9% and total ID by approximately 15-20% without increasing the incidence of severe hypoglycemia. A low-fat vegan diet and structured carbohydrate counting (CC) programs also improved glycemic and lipid profiles. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and plant-based diet mainly improved diet quality and well-being. The results showed an association between better metabolic control and lower carbohydrate (CHO) intake, as well as higher intakes of fiber and protein. In contrast, a Western diet and high intake of sweets were linked to poorer outcomes.

conclusionsCombining an LCD with education, CC, and modern diabetes technology provides the most consistent benefits for adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D adults). The MedDiet and plant-based diet support diet quality and psychosocial well-being, although current evidence remains limited, primarily due to small sample sizes and short follow-up periods.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Nutrition TherapyAdultBlood GlucoseDiet, Carbohydrate-RestrictedEvidence GapsFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansInsulinMaleQuality of LifeRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinInsulincarbohydrate countingdietary guidelinesdietary interventionsglycemic controllow-carbohydrate dietMediterranean dietpsychosocial factorsquality of lifeT1Dtype 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41228423
PMCPMC12609816

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.