Evidence mapPaperPMID 41228536Full record

ReviewNutrients2025

High Salt Intake and Atherosclerosis Progression-Not Only via Blood Pressure: A Narrative Review.

Stanisław Surma, Bogusław Okopień, Andrew J Murphy, Maciej Banach

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Stanisław SurmaDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
Bogusław OkopieńDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7228-2906
Andrew J MurphyDivision of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7039-7777
Maciej BanachDepartment of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-6690-6874

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Excessive dietary salt intake remains a critical and underestimated global health concern, strongly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. While the relationship between salt and arterial hypertension is well established, accumulating evidence highlights additional, blood pressure-independent mechanisms linking high salt intake with the progression of atherosclerosis. Beyond its hypertensive effects, high dietary salt directly damages the vascular endothelium by disrupting the glycocalyx, reducing nitric oxide synthesis, and increasing endothelial stiffness and inflammation. Excess sodium also impairs glycosaminoglycan buffering capacity and promotes immune cell adhesion, even in normotensive individuals. Furthermore, salt-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota alters the metabolic and inflammatory environment, lowering beneficial short-chain fatty acids and increasing pro-atherogenic metabolites such as trimethylamine

Indexed as

AtherosclerosisBlood PressureSodium Chloride, DietaryDisease ProgressionEndothelium, VascularGastrointestinal MicrobiomeHumansHypertensionSodium Chloride, Dietaryatherosclerotic cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular preventiondietary risksaltsodium

Identifiers

PMID41228536
PMCPMC12610747

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.