ArticleInternal and emergency medicine2025
Global, regional, and national burden and attributable risk factors of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2030.
Article in Internal and emergency medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) constitute a major global health burden, yet comprehensive assessments of their long-term trends, attributable risks, and future trajectories are still needed to inform public health strategies. Comprehensively analysing the global, regional, and national burden of CRDs from 1990 to 2021, evaluating the risk factors, and forecasting future trends to guide public health policies. Using the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 data, we estimated the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of CRDs from 1990 to 2021. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to evaluate burden trends, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort model predicted the trends in age-standardized rates (ASRs). In 2021, global CRD incidence reached 55.21 million, with 4.41 million deaths. Among all CRDs, asthma exhibited the highest incidence and prevalence, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused the highest mortality and DALY. Regionally, High-income North America had the highest ASIR and ASPR of CRDs, while Oceania showed the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2021. In terms of age distribution, the incidences of COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis (ILD & PS), and pneumoconiosis (PNE) were the highest number of incident cases occurred in the 65-74 age group. Asthma, however, showed the highest incidence in the < 9 age group. Regarding risk factors, smoking caused 31.04% of all CRD-related deaths globally in 2021, while high body mass index accounted for 14.36% of asthma-related deaths. From 2022 to 2030, CRDs' ASIRs are projected to decline overall, with male ASIRs higher than female ASIRs. The findings reveal significant and uneven global CRD burden, and their mitigation warrants policy focus on tobacco control and obesity management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41233686What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.