ReviewAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025
Programmable Hydrogels: Frontiers in Dynamic Closed-Loop Systems, Biomimetic Synergy, and Clinical Translation.
Review in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatiotemporal Thermal Modulation and Patterning using a Programmable 1024 Element Microheater Array.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Hydrogels: current biomedical applications and future directions.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Boolean Logic-Based Control Over Recombinant Protein Biomaterial Degradability and Therapeutic Delivery.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Multifunctional Hydrogels for Diabetic Wound Healing: Design Strategies and Microenvironmental Remodeling Mechanisms.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fundamentals and Advances in Programmable Peptide Hydrogels for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications: A Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Achieving Ultrastiff Polyampholyte Nanocomposite Hydrogels via the Synergistic Strategy of Effective Nanoparticle Aggregation and Multi-Bond Networks.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sprayable Hydrogel Dressings in Wound-Healing Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Smart hydrogels for overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Food-Grade Microgels for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Design, Fabrication, and Targeted Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Quantitative Assessment of Hydrogel Printability in Extrusion Bioprinting.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hydrogel-Based Immunomodulation of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Strategies and Future Directions.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- From fragmented neurotechnologies to closed-loop brain health systems: integrating artificial intelligence, digital health, digital twins, and advanced materials for brain disorders.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Programmable Hydrogels: Frontiers in Dynamic Closed-Loop Systems, Biomimetic Synergy, and Clinical Translation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Programmable hydrogels are an emerging class of intelligent materials engineered to respond precisely to specific stimuli, offering tailored functionalities with significant potential for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. This review comprehensively explores various programmable hydrogels responsive to diverse triggers, including temperature, gene expression, color, shape, and mechanical force. The design and fabrication methods underlying these systems are detailed, highlighting the roles of crosslinkers, adhesion groups, and photosensitive functional groups. Furthermore, the key physical, chemical, and biological properties that govern the performance and functionality of hydrogels are analyzed. The review further examines the mechanisms and recent advancements in self-executing hydrogels, such as self-activated, self-oxygenated, self-expandable, and self-powered systems, demonstrating how these innovative designs drive the development of next-generation programmable hydrogels. The main challenges in hydrogel design, including complexity, reproducibility, and clinical translation, are also addressed. Finally, a perspective on future research directions, highlighting the integration of the latest technologies to realize programmable hydrogels with dynamic closed-loop responsiveness, bionic synergy, and robust clinical applicability, is offered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.