Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41236214›Full record

ArticleMicrobiologyOpen2025

Comparative Genomics of Lactococcus spp. From Global Aquaculture Outbreaks Reveals Virulence Determinants, Antibiotic Resistance, and Phage Defence Mechanisms.

Adam M Blanchard, Bailey Secker, Robert J Atterbury, Samantha J Windle, Ha Thanh Dong, Janchai Wongkaew, Le Thanh Dien, David Huchzermeyer, Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe, Saengchan Senapin

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in MicrobiologyOpen, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Adam M BlanchardSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
Bailey SeckerSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
Robert J AtterburySchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
Samantha J WindleSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
Ha Thanh DongAquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
Janchai WongkaewAquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
Le Thanh DienFaculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
David HuchzermeyerNorth West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombeSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Saengchan SenapinNational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

Funding

This study was supported by the Budget Bureau and the National Science and Technology Development Agency.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lactococcosis is a major bacterial disease impacting rainbow trout production in South Africa and Southeast Asia, particularly during summer. In this study, 15 isolates from affected aquaculture facilities were characterised, revealing Lactococcus petauri (n = 12) as the predominant species, rather than the traditionally recognised L. garvieae (n = 3). This indicates a potential shift in the aetiology of lactococcosis with implications for diagnosis and management. Genomic screening identified multiple virulence factors, including adhesins in 14 isolates, capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis genes in 12, and sortase-anchored proteins in all isolates, highlighting strain-specific differences in pathogenic potential. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling revealed ermB (n = 10) and tetS (n = 11), consistent with resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines commonly applied in aquaculture. Phenotypic susceptibility testing against eight antimicrobial agents showed uniform resistance to nalidixic acid (15/15 isolates), alongside resistance to trimethoprim (12/15), sulfamethoxazole (11/15), and ciprofloxacin and oxacillin (7/15 each). These phenotypic results, while not fully aligned with the ARG profile, reflect aquaculture-relevant antimicrobial exposures and indicate the presence of both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Most (13/15) isolates contained 1-3 prophage regions, although none of these harboured any known virulence or AMR genes. However, they did genes encoding phage defence such as AbiD and R-M systems. This information is important when considering the potential development of phage therapy to control piscine disease. Together, these findings advance understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and resistance dynamics of Lactococcus species in aquaculture and underscore the need for sustainable strategies to mitigate lactococcosis outbreaks.

Indexed as

BacteriophagesDrug Resistance, BacterialFish DiseasesGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsLactococcusVirulence FactorsAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsAquacultureDisease OutbreaksGenome, BacterialGenomicsMicrobial Sensitivity TestsOncorhynchus mykissVirulenceAnti-Bacterial AgentsVirulence Factorsantimicrobial resistancebacteriophagefishLactococcusprophagewhole genome sequencingzoonotic

Identifiers

PMID41236214
PMCPMC12616882

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.