ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2025
Estimating Linkage Disequilibrium and Effective Population Size Across Generations in Holstein Cattle.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- An analysis of the genomic architecture of the worldwide Irish Wolfhound dogs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Mexican Creole Cattle Populations.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding the structure of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and accurately estimating the effective population size (Ne) are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and ensuring population survival. These metrics are vital for decision-making in conservation genetics and breeding programs.
objectivesThis study aimed to analyse the LD structure and estimate Ne in global Holstein cattle populations to assess genetic diversity and population dynamics.
methodsGenomic data from 2127 cows across eight countries (Poland, Sweden, Ireland, Iran, France, China, Canada and the Netherlands) were analysed. Data quality control was performed using PLINK 1.9. Adjusted R-squared (r
resultsLD values decreased nonlinearly with increasing physical distance, ranging from 0.102-0.320 at <25 kbp to 0.007-0.059 at 38 Mbp. Ne values have declined significantly since 2000 generations ago, with a sharp reduction from 70 to 10 generations ago. However, the decline slowed in the last 10 generations, with slight increases in some populations. Current Ne values range from 74 (French Holstein) to 171 (Polish Holstein). The rapid decline in Ne is attributed to the intensive use of limited superior bulls, reducing genetic diversity.
conclusionsThe recent slowdown in Ne decline and slight increases in some populations may reflect improved breeding strategies, including genetic material importation. These findings highlight the importance of managing genetic diversity and mitigating inbreeding effects in Holstein cattle populations. Effective breeding programs are essential to sustain genetic health, productivity and long-term adaptability in commercial dairy cattle.
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