ArticlePsychiatry research2026
Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, and mild cognitive impairment: A cohort study of world trade center responders.
Article in Psychiatry research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Urban exposures, frailty, and mental illness in World Trade Center Health Program responders.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Urban Exposures, Frailty, and Mental Illness in World Trade Center Health Program Responders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
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18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWorld Trade Center (WTC) responders have elevated risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episodes (MDEs), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In a sample of 337 WTC responders from the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY), we estimated the proportion of MCI cases explained by PTSD and MDE.
methodsWe fit quasi-Poisson regressions, adjusting for covariates, to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and population-attributable fractions (PAFs), and explored associations between a symptom count and MCI, as well as individual cognitive tests. MEASURES: PTSD and MDE were diagnosed with the SCID-5. MCI was defined algorithmically using objective testing (HVLT subtests, COWA, SDMT, TMT-A/B), self-reported concern (CFI >0), and excluding severe naming impairment. The cohort was predominantly firefighters; occupational requirements preserve activities of daily living.
resultsPTSD (RR=1.90, 95 % CI = [1.53-2.36]), MDE (RR=1.62, 95 % CI = [1.16-2.27]), and comorbid PTSD/MDE (RR=2.31, 95 % CI = [1.74-3.06]) conferred higher risk of MCI. The combined PAF for PTSD, MDE, and their comorbidity was 11.7 % (95 % CI = [6.1 %-18.1 %]). Symptom burden was associated with higher MCI risk (RR = 1.11, 95 % CI = [1.08-1.14]), and worse visuospatial learning/recall and verbal recognition (ρ range = [-0.13 to -0.20]).
conclusionOver 20 years after the precipitating trauma, PTSD, MDE, and their comorbidity accounted for a meaningful share of MCI cases, although most cases (>85 %) were not attributable to these disorders. Findings highlight visuospatial learning and memory as most strongly linked to psychiatric symptoms in this cohort.
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