Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41241045›Full record

SynthesisAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2025

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.

Sabina Wallerer, Julia Stadelmaier, Eike Floegel, Eva Kiesswetter, Gina Bantle, Georg Hoffmann, Lukas Schwingshackl

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Observational
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sabina WallererInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: sabina.wallerer@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
Julia StadelmaierInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Eike FloegelInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Eva KiesswetterInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Gina BantleInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Georg HoffmannDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Lukas SchwingshacklInstitute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg/Medical Faculty - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGiven the global rise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has gained attention as a promising preventive dietary pattern.

objectivesThis study aims to update and extend our previous systematic review by synthesizing current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies on the association between MedDiet adherence and incident T2D in adults, and to evaluate the certainty of evidence.

methodsWe conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus from 2014 to May 2025. Eligible studies were prospective cohorts reporting on the adherence to an a priori-defined MedDiet or, for RCTs, MedDiet intervention compared with any other diet and T2D incidence. Random-effects dose-response meta-analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for MedDiet adherence score. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2 and the Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies-of Exposures tool, and the certainty of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

resultsA total of 24 prospective cohort studies and 1 RCT were included, comprising 991,878 participants and 68,325 T2D cases and a mean follow-up duration of 12.2 y (range: 3.5- 25 y). Higher MedDiet adherence is likely associated with a reduced risk of T2D [HR

conclusionThis updated systematic review and meta-analysis provides moderate-certainty evidence that greater adherence to the MedDiet is associated with a lower risk of T2D. These findings reinforce current dietary guidelines recommending MedDiet as a sound strategy for T2D prevention.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diet, MediterraneanPatient ComplianceAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRisk Factorsadherencediabetes mellitusMediterranean dietmeta-analysissystematic review

Identifiers

PMID41241045
PMCPMC12720176

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.