Evidence mapPaperPMID 41244645Full record

ArticleExploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy2025

The short medication adherence scale (SMAS-7): Development and psychometric validation in a general population sample.

Fouad Sakr, Mariam Dabbous, Jihan Safwan, Mohamad Rahal, Pascale Salameh

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Article in Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

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5 authors.

Fouad SakrSchool of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Mariam DabbousSchool of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Jihan SafwanSchool of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Mohamad RahalSchool of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Pascale SalamehINSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Medication adherence is essential for treatment success across both chronic and acute conditions. However, concise, multidimensional, and broadly applicable validated tools to measure medication adherence remain scarce. Objectives: This study primarily aimed to develop and validate the Short Medication Adherence Scale (SMAS-7) and, secondarily, to assess adherence levels and related factors in a general adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Lebanese adults aged ≥18 years from the general population. Individuals who declined follow-up contact for the test-retest phase were excluded. The 7-item SMAS-7, developed from the LMAS-14, was administered electronically in Arabic using an online questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were performed on two random subsamples to assess factorial structure and model fit. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α, McDonald's ω), test-retest reliability (ICC), and construct and criterion validity were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of adherence using a ROC curve-derived SMAS-7 cut-off score. Results: A total of 501 participants were included in the study. EFA revealed a 3-factor structure, psychological, economic, and behavioral domains, supported by KMO = 0.830 and significant Bartlett's test ( Conclusion: The SMAS-7 demonstrated strong preliminary psychometric properties in this initial validation study. It offers a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers seeking to monitor and enhance adherence behaviors. While these findings are encouraging, further studies in diverse populations and clinical settings are required to confirm its external validity and generalizability. The findings revealed suboptimal adherence and underscored the multifaceted nature of its predictors, highlighting the need for targeted, multidimensional interventions.

Indexed as

Chronic and acute treatmentMedication adherencePsychometricsScale validationSMAS-7

Identifiers

PMID41244645
PMCPMC12615316

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