ArticlePlant physiology2025
Stomata in-sight: Integrating live confocal microscopy with leaf gas exchange and environmental control.
Article in Plant physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Coordinated leaf anatomy buffers the effects of reduced stomatal density on CO2 diffusion.Plant physiology · 2026Article
- High-resolution microCT reveals relationships between stomata and interior leaf anatomy in sorghum.Plant physiology · 2026Article
- Brachypodium SPEECHLESS2 Promoter Drives Expression of a Synthetic EPF to Reduce Stomatal Density in Sugarcane Without Pleiotropic Effects.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Stomatal anatomy (aperture area, length, and width) influences leaf-level physiology traits including conductance to water vapor. Stomatal anatomy can be visualized in situ by microscopy, but the difficulty of regulating the atmospheric environment of a microscope stage means that the conditions under which imaging is done are rarely physiologically relevant. Alternatively, leaf gas exchange instruments that measure gas fluxes reflect stomatal anatomical characteristics in aggregate, but the relative strengths of anatomical traits to control water use (e.g. size vs density) cannot be firmly established. To reconcile the microscopic stomatal characteristics with leaf-level gas exchange, we describe a tool that combines laser scanning confocal microscopy, gas exchange instruments, and machine-learning image analysis to simultaneously observe anatomical characteristics of many (>40) stomata alongside leaf-level traits like photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance. We demonstrate how the tool has the resolution capable of quantifying aperture sizes and variability in maize (Zea mays) leaves under 5 steady-state light/pCO2 treatments while tightly controlling other environmental variables like relative humidity and temperature. A model used to calculate stomatal conductance from measured apertures and stomatal density accurately matched stomatal conductance measured by gas exchange. This technical advancement will provide insight on how stomatal anatomy and function trade off to influence stomatal conductance and leaf-level water use efficiency.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.