Evidence mapPaperPMID 41250966Full record

ReviewMolecular oncology2026

European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - hormone replacement therapy, other common medical therapies and cancer.

Mangesh A Thorat, Marc Arbyn, David Baldwin, Xavier Castells, Solveig Hofvind, Urska Ivanus, Carlo Senore, Esther Toes-Zoutendijk, Carlijn van der Aalst, Carlos Canelo-Aybar and 9 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Mangesh A ThoratCentre for Cancer Screening, Prevention and Early Diagnosis, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8673-5320
Marc ArbynUnit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer Centre, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
David BaldwinDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
Xavier CastellsDepartment of Epidemiology and Evaluation, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
Solveig HofvindDepartment of Breast Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Urska IvanusCancer screening and clinical genetic division, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Carlo SenoreEpidemiology and screening unit - CPO, University hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
Esther Toes-ZoutendijkDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-4001-2949
Carlijn van der AalstDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Carlos Canelo-AybarInstitut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.
Fiorella Karina Fernández-SáenzInstitut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.
Ariadna FeliuEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0002-0033-9026
Hajo ZeebDepartment of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz - Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
Andre L CarvalhoEarly Detection, Prevention, and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Erica D'SouzaEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0002-0744-665X
David RitchieEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Carolina EspinaEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0001-6848-4687
Iris Lansdorp-VogelaarDepartment of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Andrea DeCensiDivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2635-4491

Funding

European Union 101075240World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Several medical therapies modify the risk of developing certain cancers in an individual. The aim of this paper was to provide the scientific justification for the 5th edition of the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC5) recommendation on the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and other drugs used at population scale, such as hormonal contraceptives and aspirin. HRT modifies the risk of developing certain cancers in an individual. Except for vaginal oestrogens, all forms of HRT are associated with an increased breast cancer risk; the risk of serous ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer may also be increased. Despite such an increase in cancer risk, HRT often remains the only option for the management of certain menopausal symptoms for the restoration of quality of life and mental health. Therefore, the ECAC5 recommends using HRT for bothersome menopausal symptoms only after a thorough discussion with a healthcare professional and limiting its use for as short a duration as possible. On review of up-to-date evidence for hormonal contraceptives and aspirin, the ECAC5 Working Group elected not to make a recommendation for the average-risk general population regarding the use of these therapies.

Indexed as

Hormone Replacement TherapyNeoplasmsAspirinEuropeFemaleHumansAspirinaspirinbreast cancerEuropean Code Against Cancerhormonal contraceptiveHormone replacement therapymenopause

Identifiers

PMID41250966
PMCPMC12809475

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.