Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41254279›Full record

ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026

Formulation and evaluation of probucol-LCA nanoparticles for supressing oxidative stress-related retinal degeneration.

Susbin Raj Wagle, Alicia Brunet, Rebekah James, Le Yang Sen, Mikhaela Manuel Lorenzo, Bozica Kovacevic, Mengistie Diress, Thomas Foster, Corina Mihaela Ionescu, Patrick Lim and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Susbin Raj WagleThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Alicia BrunetCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Rebekah JamesCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Le Yang SenThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Mikhaela Manuel LorenzoThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Bozica KovacevicThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Mengistie DiressThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Thomas FosterThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Corina Mihaela IonescuThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Patrick LimThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
Livia S CarvalhoCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Armin MooranianThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia. a.mooranian@curtin.edu.au.
Hani Al-SalamiThe Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia. hani.al-salami@curtin.edu.au.ORCID 0000-0003-0049-6969

Funding

Australian National Health and Medical Research APP9000597Curtin Faculty ORS-WAHAI Consortium Curtin Faculty ORS-WAHAI Consortium
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Retinal degenerative diseases are a major cause of vision loss worldwide, with oxidative stress being a key pathological driver. This study aimed to develop and evaluate probucol-lithocholic acid (LCA) nanoparticles for targeted retinal protection. Nanoparticles were formulated via spray drying of a mixture containing probucol, low-viscosity sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, and LCA, followed by detailed physicochemical characterization. In vitro studies using human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells exposed to oxidative (H₂O₂) and hyperglycaemic stress demonstrated that the probucol-LCA nanoparticles significantly improved cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored glutathione (GSH) levels, and enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics compared with non-functionalized formulations. In vivo, a single intravitreal injection of the nanoparticles in wild-type and retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice confirmed their biocompatibility and safety, showing no adverse effects on retinal structure or function. These findings establish the probucol-LCA nanoparticle system as a safe and effective antioxidant platform for intravitreal delivery. Its demonstrated in vitro efficacy and favourable safety profile highlight its potential for translation into therapeutic interventions for oxidative stress related retinal diseases.

Indexed as

AntioxidantsNanoparticlesOxidative StressProbucolRetinal DegenerationAlginatesAnimalsCell LineCell SurvivalGlutathioneHumansIntravitreal InjectionsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLPolyethylene GlycolsReactive Oxygen SpeciesAlginatesAntioxidantsGlutathionePolyethylene GlycolsProbucolReactive Oxygen SpeciesAntioxidantBile acidNanoparticlesNeuroprotectionOxidative stressProbucolRetinal degeneration

Identifiers

PMID41254279

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.