Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41254466›Full record

Observational studyDiabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association2026

Real-world use of continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease or on dialysis.

Patrick McGown, Nikoleta Papanikolaou, Jasmine El-Taraboulsi, Clemency Britton, Javeria Iqtidar, Khuram Chaudhry, Shiyan Ng, Kishan Jethwa, Jagvi Patel, Jo Reed and 5 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Patrick McGownDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Nikoleta PapanikolaouDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Jasmine El-TaraboulsiDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Clemency BrittonDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Javeria IqtidarDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Khuram ChaudhryDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Shiyan NgDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Kishan JethwaDepartment of Renal Medicine, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Jagvi PatelDepartment of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Jo ReedDepartment of Renal Medicine, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Monika ReddyDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Lalantha LeelarathnaDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Andrew H FrankelDepartment of Renal Medicine, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Chukwuma UdukuDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.
Parizad AvariDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-3589

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become the standard of care for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and some people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is a lack of data regarding CGM use in people with T2D and chronic kidney disease (CKD), who are at increased risk of hypoglycaemia. We assess the use of CGM and glucose outcomes in this cohort.

methodsRetrospective, observational analysis of adults on CGM attending a tertiary diabetes renal clinic between January 2023 and September 2024. People with T2D on multiple daily insulin injections (defined as 2 or more insulin injections per day) and CKD stage 3-5 (eGFR <60, on renal replacement therapy or post-renal transplant) were included. HbA1c was assessed pre- and post-initiation of CGM. CGM metrics were analysed for percentage times in ranges and other glycaemic metrics.

resultsA total of 177 adults (median (interquartile range)) aged 64.0 (56.0-71.0) years were included. Time below range (<3.9 mmol/L) was significantly reduced (median (interquartile range)) from 1.0 (0.0-2.0)% to 0.0 (0.0-1.0)% following CGM initiation (p = 0.007). Hypoglycaemia leading to an insulin dose reduction was revealed by CGM in 91/177 participants (51.4%). Median HbA1c pre- and post-CGM was 64.0 (53.0-79.0) mmol/mol (8.0, 7.0-9.4%) and 62.0 (51.8-73.0) mmol/mol (7.8, 6.9-8.8%), respectively (p < 0.001). HbA1c reduction was observed in 114/177 participants (64.4%).

conclusionCGM use was associated with the identification of hypoglycaemia and improvements in HbA1c in people with T2D and CKD. These real-world data demonstrate the importance of CGM technology to high-risk individuals with diabetes and CKD.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic NephropathiesRenal DialysisRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAgedContinuous Glucose MonitoringFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansHypoglycemiaHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMaleMiddle AgedBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinchronic kidney diseasecontinuous glucose monitoringhypoglycaemiatype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41254466
PMCPMC12700505

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.