ArticleHealth science reports2025
Efficacy of Immunostimulatory Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review.
Article in Health science reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nano-adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and safety of infectious bursal disease virus vaccines: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Efficacy of Immunostimulatory Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aims: SARS-CoV-2 continues to pose global challenges, and current vaccines face limitations (variant escape, waning immunity). This review evaluates immunostimulatory adjuvants and nano-adjuvants to enhance immune responses and optimize SARS-CoV-2 vaccine performance. Methods: Narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence on alum, emulsions (MF59, AS01/AS03), Montanide ISA-51, delta inulin, TLR agonists (e.g., CpG, TLR3), rOv-ASP-1, and nano/mucosal platforms (liposomes, polymeric or metal nanoparticles, Protollin) for SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses. Results: Alum and emulsions increased neutralizing antibodies; Th1-promoting combinations (e.g., CpG with Montanide or with protein antigens) mitigated Th2-biased immunopathology seen with some inactivated vaccines. MF59, AS01/AS03, and Matrix-type systems enhanced humoral and cellular responses, with early clinical data supporting acceptable safety and robust immunogenicity. Delta inulin (±CpG) boosted neutralization without lung injury in comparative models. TLR agonists and intranasal Protollin induced systemic IgG and mucosal IgA. Nano-adjuvants improved antigen presentation and enabled dose-sparing while supporting balanced, durable immunity. Conclusion: Immunostimulatory and nano-adjuvants substantially strengthen SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity, support antigen-sparing, and favor balanced (often Th1-biased) protection. Prudent adjuvant selection and integration of conventional and nanotechnology-derived platforms are key to achieving safe, durable, and broadly protective COVID-19 vaccines.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.