SynthesisMalaria journal2025
Knockdown resistance (kdr) and organochlorine insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Global epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of arboviruses: A systematic review of surveillance, control strategies, and emerging threats.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnopheles albimanus, Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles dirus, and Anopheles punctipennis are key malaria vectors across multiple regions. Insecticide resistance especially to organochlorines poses a major challenge to vector control. While knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations are a well-known resistance mechanism, evidence in these species remains inconclusive. This study systematically reviewed the presence of kdr mutations associated with organochlorine resistance in these four Anopheles species.
methodsA systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Six international databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched up to June 2024. Keywords included "kdr mutation," "organochlorine resistance," "malaria vectors," and related terms. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining kdr mutations and organochlorine resistance in the four target Anopheles species. The quality of studies was assessed using the STROBE checklist. Five studies met all eligibility criteria and were included.
resultsAcross the five included studies, no kdr mutations (particularly at codons 1010, 1013, or 1014 in the VGSC gene) were identified in any of the four species. Resistance observed in these mosquitoes was attributed primarily to metabolic mechanisms, including elevated activity of mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and non-specific esterases (NSE), rather than target-site insensitivity.
conclusionCurrent evidence indicates that kdr mutations do not contribute to organochlorine resistance in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. dirus, or An. punctipennis. Metabolic and behavioural resistance mechanisms appear to play a larger role. Given the limited number of studies and gene regions analysed, further research with broader genetic screening is essential to fully understand resistance dynamics in these vectors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.