ArticleBMC global and public health2025
Multi-systemic risk of post-acute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
Article in BMC global and public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIncreased risk of post-acute sequelae was found to occur in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 reinfections). However, it is unclear whether these increases in post-acute risk are found in milder Omicron reinfections, or persist in a highly boosted population.
methodsWe utilised national COVID-19 databases and healthcare-claims records of Singapore to construct SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected cohorts over periods of Delta, Omicron BA.1/2, BA.4/5 and XBB predominance (1 July 2021-28 February 2023). The 300-day risk and excess burdens of pre-specified new-incident diagnoses across cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, endocrine, auto-immune, renal, respiratory and gastrointestinal domains was compared across SARS-CoV-2 re-infected individuals (N = 57,222), SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without documented re-infection (N = 1,239,119), and population-based un-infected controls (N = 3,409,170). Risk trajectories between groups were compared to examine whether differences in risk of post-acute sequelae persisted over follow-up time.
resultsThere was an estimated 21% (hazards ratios (HR) = 1.21; 95% Confidence interval (CI) [1.15-1.28]) increase in risk of any post-acute sequelae, and increased post-acute risk of cardiovascular (HR = 1.20; 95% CI [1.09-1.32]), gastrointestinal (HR 1.26; 95% CI [1.16-1.38]), neurological (HR 1.32; 95% CI [1.23-1.42]), endocrine (HR 1.26; 95% CI [1.18-1.35]), respiratory (HR 1.63; 95% CI [1.44-1.83]) and renal (HR 1.28; 95% CI [1.12-1.47]) sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. Associated risks of post-acute sequelae were greater in reinfections compared to first infections. Excess burdens per 1000 of any post-acute sequelae were also higher in reinfected individuals, and reinfected individuals also had higher outcome probabilities of post-acute sequelae over follow-up time. Risks of post-acute sequelae persisted in fully vaccinated and boosted individuals.
conclusionsReinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased risk of post-acute sequelae. Reducing burden of post-acute complications due to SARS-CoV-2 necessitates strategies for preventing reinfection, such as updated vaccines with better effectiveness against infection.
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