ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Roles of cytokine storm in sepsis progression: biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prediction models for the occurrence and mortality of sepsis-associated lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Network-based prioritization of sepsis-associated metabolites and in vivo validation of diosmetin in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- A Novel IDO1/NE Dual Inhibitor, IMM-H018 Prevents the Primary and Secondary Sepsis and Ameliorates the Kidney Injury Through Inhibiting the Cytokine Storm and Microthrombosis, and Reversing Immunosuppression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Decoding the Gut-Fat-Heart Axis: From Molecular Communication Networks to Clinical Translation Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The dual balance of the cytokine network: key messengers of immune activation and triggers of cytokine storm.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- The predictive value of the ratio of multi-dimensional inflammatory biomarkers in pediatric diseases from the perspective of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance: a systematic review.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- Cytokines as Key Drivers of Pathological Root Resorption: Integrating Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Determinants, and Biomarker-Based Insights.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Disease-Causing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Infectious Diseases: Implications for Clinical Management and Public Health.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Interferon-gamma to interleukin-10 ratio is negatively associated with short-term mortality risk in sepsis patients: a retrospective study based on immune balance index.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- IL-37 and IL-38 in sepsis: immune-metabolic rheostats in a dynamic inflammatory continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Crosstalk between innate immune signaling pathways and integrated TLR, NLRP3 inflammasome, cGAS-STING, and NF-κB networks in sepsis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Integrated multi-omics deciphers sepsis immune dysregulation: a dual-pathway targeted small-molecule therapy improves survival and ameliorates multi-organ dysfunction.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Hyper-inflammation and immunosuppression: redefining sepsis therapy using modern approaches.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Drug repurposing of sophoridine for sepsis-induced organ injury: from in-depth analysis of a single agent to a multi-target therapeutic paradigm.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Recent advances in early screening and diagnosis of sepsis: a narrative review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Clinical utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in infants with severe infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Hemorheological and microcirculatory effects of Pentaglobin therapy in an experimental model of fulminant sepsis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Cuproptosis in Sepsis: Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome marked by uncontrolled systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, and organ dysfunction. Central to its pathogenesis is innate immune hyperactivation, which triggers excessive cytokine release and inflammatory cell death, ultimately driving multiorgan failure. Despite advancements in intensive care, immune dysregulation remains a major therapeutic hurdle. Moreover, recent discoveries of emerging biomarkers, such as serum amyloid A (SAA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), monocyte distribution width (MDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and RDW-to-albumin ratio (RAR), highlight their potential diagnostic and prognostic value. This review systematically summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cytokine storm, emphasizing the roles of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting both immune overactivation and late-stage immunosuppression, including cytokine antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and nanomedicine-based approaches, providing a comprehensive framework to guide precision immunotherapy in sepsis management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.