ArticleJTO clinical and research reports2025
Risk Factors Associated With Incidence of Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Article in JTO clinical and research reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Observational study of predictors and outcomes of lung cancer in never-smokers in the UK (OLIVE): study protocol.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Observational
- Global Cancer Etiology: Molecular Signatures, Therapeutic Disparities, and the role of Socio-economic Determinants.Chemical biology letters · 2026Article
- The 2025 lung cancer landscape: advances in screening, molecular taxonomy and therapeutic strategy: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-Enabled Precision Therapy for Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Beyond smoking status: risk factors for pulmonary nodules ≥5 mm in a Chinese community screening program.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between planetary health diet index and lung cancer risk in 106,542 participants: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality globally. Although often associated with smoking, up to 25% of cases worldwide and 50% in East Asia occur in "never-smokers." There are currently no robust tools for predicting lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (LCINS) for populations outside East Asia.Together with a group of patient representatives, the authors of this study aimed to summarise risk factors for LCINS and quantify risk in different geographical regions. Methods: This study was prospectively registered (PROSPERO-CRD42022379253). The systematic review and meta-analysis included studies published from 2017 and aimed to comprehensively investigate risk factors associated with LCINS incidence. Risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: A total of 6725 reports were identified and 54 studies were included, with multivariable analysis of 192 factors in 16 million never-smokers. No studies were assessed as having high risk of bias. Of the participants, 8,241,269 (51.0%) were from Western countries.The meta-analysis found that female sex (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.28 [95% confidence interval or CI 1.12-1.47]), previous cancer (aHR 2.04 [1.95-2.13]), rheumatoid arthritis (aHR 1.41 [1.15-1.73]), passive smoking (aHR 1.30 [1.22-1.40]), PM10 (aHR 1.10 [1.09-1.11]), and PM2.5 (aHR 1.16 [1.03-1.30]) pollution were associated with LCINS. In planned subgroup analyses by region, LCINS was associated with family history of lung cancer in East Asian (aHR 1.56 [1.23-1.98]) but not Western countries (aHR 0.86 [0.35-2.11]). Conclusion: We found key factors linked with LCINS, including female sex, rheumatoid arthritis, and pollution and, for the first time, quantified their association through meta-analyses of studies globally. This may be used to develop tools to detect LCINS earlier.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.