SynthesisBMC nephrology2025
Association of growth differentiation factor-15 with renal disease outcomes and all-cause death in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe association of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) with renal disease outcomes is conflicting and its linkage with all-cause death is uncertain in diabetic patients. Hence, this meta-analysis analyzed associations of GDF-15 with poor renal outcomes, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and all-cause death in diabetic patients.
methodsWeb of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched until October 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs (observational studies, and cross-sectional studies) that reported associations between GDF-15 and renal disease outcomes or all-cause death with an extractable hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were eligible and separated for meta-analysis. Poor renal outcomes were defined as end-stage renal disease, doubling of the serum creatinine level, > 30% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, and/or renal death. Quality of studies was assessed using Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies-of Interventions for observational studies, Cochrane ROB tool for RCTs, and Joanna Briggs Institute criterion for cross-sectional studies.
resultsTwo RCTs with 4,410 diabetic patients and 6 non-RCTs with 7,341 diabetic patients were included. Pooled analyses showed that higher GDF-15 was related to increased risks of poor renal outcomes [2 RCTs, N = 4,410, HR (95% CI) = 1.549 (1.226, 1.957); 4 non-RCTs, N = 4,356, HR (95% CI): 1.669 (1.419, 1.963)], DKD in patients without previous nephropathy [6 non-RCTs, N = 3,623, OR (95% CI): 1.223 (1.054, 1.418)], and all-cause death [4 non-RTCTs, N = 4,356, HR (95% CI): 2.168 (1.769, 2.656)]. The included studies were at low or moderate risk of bias.
conclusionHigher GDF-15 may be related to increased risks of poor renal outcomes and all-cause death in diabetic patients, as well as an elevated DKD risk in patients without previous nephropathy, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD420251165958. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.