ArticleFrontiers in reproductive health2025
Regional variations and socioeconomic factors influencing sex hormone profiles in adolescent girls in Ghana.
Article in Frontiers in reproductive health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Adolescence is a critical period of hormonal changes that affect growth, development, and behaviour. Estrogen, progesterone, and androgen are sex hormones that play important roles in reproductive development and functions. Factors including diet, Health care, and genetic variation, affect hormone production/levels. However, the effect of different environments has not been explored in detail. This study aimed to evaluate hormonal levels in adolescent girls from two regions in Ghana and also assess associated socioeconomic status. Method: One hundred and sixteen (116) blood samples were drawn from in-school adolescent girls aged 10-19 years who were involved in a qualitative study to explore adolescent girls' knowledge, perceptions and experiences of hormonal imbalance in Northern and Southern Ghana between June and October 2022. Their hormonal levels were assessed in respect of androgen, estrogen and progesterone to determine the influence of environmental and parents' socio-economic factors. Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), serum levels were determined. Results: Generally, average serum levels of estrogen, androgen, and progesterone were 195.5 (29.2-899.2.0) pg/ml, 60.7 (8.2-687.3) pg/ml, 46.0 (5.2-130.6) ng/ml respectively. When categorized by location, serum estrogen level was 195.8 (35.7-899.2) pg/ml in the north compared to 195.3 (29.2-899.2) pg/ml, in the south, Conclusion: This study provides useful information on the hormonal profiles of adolescent girls in Ghana which can inform the School Health Education Programme's (SHEP) intervention activities related to reproductive health issues. The study shows that there were some variations in the levels of serum progesterone between the two locations with participants from Northern Ghana having higher levels. It also highlights the need for practices that address the differences in hormonal levels among adolescent girls based on the educational levels of mothers, recognizing its potential implications for their health, fertility, and well-being.
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