Evidence mapPaperPMID 41299414Full record

ArticleBMC health services research2025

Long-term cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-managed hypertension care in China.

Jingxuan Wei, Lihong Gao, Zhuying Jing, Jia Wang, Yulu Zhu, Haomin Zhu, Xin Li

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jingxuan WeiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4383-9934
Lihong GaoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Zhuying JingDepartment of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Jia WangDepartment of Health Policy, School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Yulu ZhuDepartment of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Haomin ZhuDepartment of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Xin LiDepartment of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China. xinli@njmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3951-8061

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 2074123Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province KYCX24_2074
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHypertension is one of the main causes of cardiovascular and kidney diseases in China. However, the rate of effective blood pressure control remains low. Previous studies have shown pharmacist-managed hypertension care can improve treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, the long-term cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical care has not been fully evaluated in China.

methodsThis study constructed a Markov model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-managed hypertension care compared with usual care. The model followed a hypothetical patient cohort using 6-month cycles and extended to their life expectancy, adopting a healthcare system perspective. Model parameters were obtained from a randomized controlled trial and published Chinese population data. The primary outcomes included total costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the results. Cumulative medical costs and potential savings from implementing pharmacist-managed hypertension care were estimated.

resultsPharmacist-managed hypertension care increased QALYs by 0.07 per person and increased medical costs by $262.58. The ICER was $3,708 per QALY, which is lower than the accepted willingness-to-pay threshold in China. Pharmacist-managed hypertension care reduced the incidence of cardiovascular and renal events and reduced overall healthcare expenditures in these disease areas. Scenario analyses showed that earlier implementation, better medication adherence, and lower service fees further improved cost-effectiveness. The national cumulative costs and savings analysis indicated that the greatest savings occurred in the population aged 65 years and older over a 10-year period.

conclusionsPharmacist-managed care for hypertension is an economical and effective strategy in China. These findings support policies that promote the integration of pharmaceutical care into chronic disease management and healthcare payment systems.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsHypertensionPharmacistsAgedChinaCost-Benefit AnalysisFemaleHumansMaleMarkov ChainsMiddle AgedQuality-Adjusted Life YearsAntihypertensive AgentsCost-effectivenessHypertensionPharmacist careQuality-adjusted life years

Identifiers

PMID41299414
PMCPMC12763993

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.