Quantitative Detection of Key Parameters and Authenticity Verification for Beer Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Alcohol content and original wort concentration are key indicators of beer quality. The detection of these metrics and the authentication of beer authenticity are crucial for protecting consumer rights. To this end, this study investigates quantitative detection methods for beer alcohol content and original wort concentration based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), as well as authenticity verification methods for craft, industrial, and non-fermented beers. Convolutional neural networks combined with a long short-term memory networks (CNN-LSTM) feature extraction method was proposed for establishing multiple regression models and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model. The results indicate that the CNN-LSTM combined with the support vector machine regression demonstrates optimal performance, with coefficients of determination exceeding 0.99 for the alcohol content calibration, validation, and independent test sets, and all relative root mean square errors below 2.67%. For original wort concentration, the coefficients of determination exceeded 0.97 across the calibration, validation, and independent test sets, with relative root mean square errors below 4.05%. The CNN-LSTM combined with the PLS-DA approach exhibited the lowest variable dimension while achieving 100% classification accuracy. This method offers rapid, non-destructive, and efficient advantages, making it suitable for beer quality control and market regulation.