Role of Matricellular Proteins in Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Atherosclerosis.

The vascular endothelium serves as a critical barrier preventing the transmigration of monocytes, circulating lipoproteins, and other molecules into the subendothelial space, and plays a vital role in regulating vascular tone. A dysfunctional and inflamed endothelial layer in response to disturbed blood flow or other proatherogenic risk factors is the initiating event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, suggesting the importance of an intact and properly functioning endothelium in preventing the onset and progression of this disease. Accumulated evidence demonstrates the significant role of matricellular proteins, which are non-structural and secretory extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, in the development of atherosclerosis. These proteins exert multifaceted effects on endothelial cells (ECs) ranging from reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and expression of adhesion molecules to autophagy and compromised barrier function via stimulating various molecular mechanisms. Given the critical roles of these processes in EC function and atherosclerosis, a better understanding of signaling pathways governed by matricellular proteins in ECs is required to develop therapeutic strategies for suppressing or preventing atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review comprehensively summarizes the existing literature on the diverse roles of matricellular proteins in regulating EC inflammation and function, and highlights their potential as viable therapeutic targets for maintaining vascular health and inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis.