Exploratory Investigation of Motor and Psychophysiological Outcomes Following VR-Based Motor Training with Augmented Sensory Feedback for a Pilot Cohort with Spinal Cord Injury.

Raviraj Nataraj, Mingxiao Liu, Yu Shi, Sophie Dewil, Noam Y Harel

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Raviraj NatarajDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5261-3031

Mingxiao LiuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.

Yu ShiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.

Sophie DewilDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.

Noam Y HarelSpinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.

Funding

United States Department of Veterans Affairs RX003582Wellcome Trust 223880

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs motor function and requires rigorous rehabilitative therapy, motivating the development of approaches that are engaging and customizable. Virtual reality (VR) motor training with augmented sensory feedback (ASF) offers a promising pathway to enhance functional outcomes, yet it remains unclear how ASF modalities affect performance and underlying psychophysiological states in persons with SCI. Five participants with chronic incomplete cervical-level SCI controlled a virtual robotic arm with semi-isometric upper-body contractions while undergoing ASF training with either visual feedback (VF) or combined visual plus haptic feedback (VHF). Motor performance (pathlength, completion time), psychophysiological measures (EEG, EMG, EDA, HR), and perceptual ratings (agency, motivation, utility) were assessed before and after ASF training. VF significantly reduced pathlength (-12.5%,

Indexed as

neuromotor rehabilitationspinal cord injuryvirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID41301222

DOI10.3390/bioengineering12111266

PMCPMC12650409

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.